Hybrid

BMW Vision EfficientDynamics 2012

We all know about petrol cars, and most people have heard about or seen electric cars. A hybrid car is a combination of both. A hybrid vehicle contains parts of both gasoline and electric vehicles.

A easeir way of  understing the advantages of a hybrid vehicle is to think about a car traveling down a motorway at the crusing speed on level ground. In this case, the engine is doing three things:

1. It is overcoming rolling resistance in the drive train.
2. It is overcoming air resistance.
3. It is powering accessories like the alternator, the power steering pump and the air conditioner.

The engine might need to produce no more than 10 or 20 horsepower (HP) to carry this load. The reason why cars have 100- or 200-horsepower engines to is handle acceleration from a standing stop, as well as for passing and hill climbing. We only use the maximum HP rating for 1% of our driving time. The rest of the time, we are carrying around the weight and the friction of the much larger engine, which wastes a lot of energy.

In a traditional hybrid vehicle, you have a complete electric car. It includes an electric motor to provide all of the power to the wheels, as well as batteries to supply the motor with electricity. Then you have a completely separategasoline engine powering a generator. The engine is very small -- perhaps 10 to 20 horsepower -- and it is designed to run at just one speed for maximum efficiency. The purpose of this small, efficient engine is to provide enough power for the car at its cruising speed. During times of acceleration, the batteries provide the extra power necessary. When the car is decelerating or standing still, the batteries recharge. This sort of hybrid car is essentially an electric car with a built-in recharger for longer range. The advantage is that the small, efficient gasoline engine gets great mileage.

Hybrid Car Image Gallery 

2008 HowStuffWorks

As more auto companies aim to develop the perfect hybrid car, BMW has announced their full-hybrid concept, the Vision EfficientDynamics Hybrid Concept Car. The 4-seater concept combines both performance and efficiency with some unique and interesting characteristics. It is powered by a three cylinder turbo diesel with two electric motors, and has final output numbers of 356 hp and 590 ft lbs of torque. Featuring all wheel drive, the BMW Vision EfficientDynamics has an electric motor on the front and rear axles. The performance numbers for the hybrid concept car are 0-100 km/h in 4.8 seconds, with a top speed of 250 km/h that is electronically limited.
Fuel consumption is great at only 3.76 liters/100 km, and CO2 emissions are 99 grams/km. BMW didn’t forget their “Ultimate Driving Experience” motto, so the concept car is focused on establishing just that.


Read more: http://www.cars.currentblips.com/2011/02/bmw-vision-efficientdynamics-hybrid.html#ixzz1WVH2Rur6

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owPFH53rtbM

Oxygen Sensor Circuit

Our task this week was to make a Oxygen sensor circuit , first we had to calculate the voltages and resistors we are going to use then place it on a bread board to see if it will work .
Components :
12v Battery
3 LED's:
1x Red led
1x Yellow led
1x Green led
1x Op Amp LM324
3x Rectifier diode 1N4001
1x Zener Diode 9v1
2x Capacitors
7xResistors
R2=1KΩ, R3=1KΩ, R4=1KΩ, R5=380Ω, R6=10KΩ, R7=270Ω, R8=470Ω ( i had to round up my calculations to find the right resistors we had)
Wires

Calculations:
It was really simple , we used ohms law to find out the resistance . First we find out the voltage and divide it by the led (amps) resistance = Voltage / Amps

LED= 1.8v  9.5mA/0.0095A (we converted into amps )

R2
Voltage drop = Power-Diode-LED
Vd= 12v-0.6-1.8= 9.6v
Then we use ohms law to find out the resistance
R=V/I - 9.6/0.0095= 1010.5Ω

R3
Voltage Drop = Power-diode D2-diode D4-LED
VD=12v-0.6-0.6-1.8=9v
and again we use ohms law to find out the resistance .
R=V/I   9v/0.0095=947Ω

R4
This will be the same as R2
Voltage Drop = Power-diode-Led
VD=12v-0.6-1.8=9.6v
By using ohms law we get the resistance by R=V/I
9.6/0.0095=1010.5Ω

We have 12volts power then we have a diode which is 0.6 now we have 11.4volts.
12v-0.6=11.4v
Now we can calculate R5
VD= 11.4-9.1=2.3vd .    We got 9.1 from the zener diode (9V1)
9.1-0.63=8.47vd   we got 0.63 from point 1
Now we use ohms law to calculate the resistance R=V/I
2.3v/0.0056a= 411Ω

R6 = 10k
We use ohms law to find out the amperage I=V/R 
8.47v/10,000= 0.000847a

R8
We minus the two points 0.63 - 0.23 which gives use 0.40v now we can calculate the resistance using ohms law R=V/I
0.40v/0.000847a = 472 Ω

R7
Using ohms law we find the resistance
R=V/I   0.23v/0.000847= 271.5Ω

Op Amp

 Technical Explanation:

The circuit is divided into 3 parts , depending on the sensor output it will show one led on.
The Green LED shows that the mixture is LEAN.
The Yellow LED shows that the mixture is Normal.
The Red LED shows the the mixture is RICH.
When we wire it up onto a vechile while idling it will show  the green led turn on because it is running lean and as we start to cruise the LED will change to yellow and the green led will turn off to show us that the car is running normal as we start to accelerate the red led will turn on to show the vechile is running rich

Problems:

I had a slight problem when i went to test my circuit. There was contact with one of the wires which caused both the green and yellow led to turn on. So we did a fault test on each conponent using a multimetre to see the different voltages at each point and compare with my calcutaions. Then we did another visual check and saw a connection which caused the problem. Now we found and fixed the problem and circuit is working normal

Reflection:

If i had the opportunity to do this circuit again i would add more LED's to show a more accurate reading . By building this circuit i now know how an op amp functions and how the Oxygen sensor works

Circuit on the bread board

The red pin is power , the yellow pin is ground and the blue pin is the sensor input.

Wired up and tested on bread board and it works :)

 Here is a Video of my O2 Sensor circuit on bread board , the green Led shows it is lean , then the yellow Led shows its normal and the red to show it is running rich

This is the board we are going to solder on , it is very easy for us because it shows us where to place the components

Added all the components , and looks nice and tidy

Perfect soldering , and leds.

This video shows my circuit working , and as we can see green led turns on for lean mixture then yellow for normal and then red for rich. And goes back to yellow as we decrease speed then stops at green


For next week i will put the cirucit nicely into a box and test it on the engines down at RM-1066

This week was our last week , i have cut out a box for fit my circuit and see the LED's . Also we had to create a fault on our pcb boards in pairs and diagnose the problem.

Me and my partner had to make a fault on our pcb boards , i had made a cut in R2 and my partner had made a cut in R4.
My prediction was that if R2 was cut the RED led would not work but the rest of the circuit will and that if R4 was cut that the Green led will not work.
Next i did a Voltage drop to make sure every component is getting the voltage they are suppose to be getting.
I predicted right the cut in R4 made the Green led not work the the red & yellow leds worked fine and the cut in R2 made the red led not work but Green & yellow worked as normal.

As you can see there is a cut made on R4

Black box , need to drill the holes and place the leds inside .

All finished and boxed nicely

Diagnosing the problem for fault finding

      A video showing my circuit wired up to an engine which went into closed loop.


When we connect the O2 sensor to a car and start driving as we accelerate  the RED LED will turn as the mixture gets RICH and if we start to slow down to cruise the Yellow LED turns on to show the mixture is NORMAL as we come to stop the GREEN LED lights up to show the mixture gets LEAN. 

Mosfets

A  mosfet is a type of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor which is designed to handle significant power levels. It has 3 legs just like the transistor , and there are two types NPN & PNP.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Te5YYVZiOKs

Injector Circuit

Our task for the week was to make a injector circuit , we had to calculate and choose our resistors and what transisitor to use. Then we also had to put it onto a bread board and test it to see if it will work. We also had to design our board on a program called loch master and place our components and see if it will work before we start making it.
Components :

 Power Supply
2x 500Ω Resistors , 2x 440Ω Resistors i had to change them to a  470Ω Resistor because that was the closet we had.
2x BC547 Transistors
2x Led's , I chose one Green LED and one Yellow LED but values were the same of 1.8v
Wires

Calculations:

It was really simple after you had all your figures and formulas.
LED = 1.7 V
Transistor BC 547 
,Vce = 0.6 V/45mA , Vbe = 0.6 V/6mA ,  : Ic = 100 mA
Beta = 100
To find out what resistor i was going to use for R14 & R15 i calculated 10v/0.02 which was 500 , so now i round it of and used a 470 resistor which was close to my calculation
So we have a 12v power supply which will go to the 2 470Ω resistors in parallel , now we are left with 10volts going to the leds.

Suppy Voltage - LED - Transistor = Available voltage
12v-1.8-0.2=10v

Now we have voltage going through to the transistor from the collector, and 5 volts from the base.

NPN BC547 Datasheet

SYMBOL	PARAMETER	CONDITION	MIN.	TYP.	MAX.	UNIT
VBEsat	base-emitter saturation voltage	IC = 10 mA; IB = 0.5 mA; note 1 IC = 100 mA; IB = 5 mA; note 1		700 900		mV mV

A Technical Explanation :
We have voltage going to the  LEDs, 5v supply from PWM0-1 & 5v coming from PWM1-1 to switch the LED's on and off 
The LEDs show that the circuit is working , and as we increase the frequecny/ RPM the lights start to flash faster. The LED's show the injectors opening and closing .
Problems:
Luckly i never had any problems and finished my circuit on time but if there was a fault i could pick it up easily using a multimeter by test each component. If it has no reading then we will need to see if there is a bad connection or that the component will need to be replaced

Reflection:
If i had a opportunity to do this circuit again , id try get the LED's different colour like red and blue so it will grab attention and will look cool. I would also try and improve it by making it more simply and neater.Buildaing this circuit should me how a transistor works and the different things it can do

Here is my Circuit on the bread Board



Tested the Circuit and it worked :) so now i can start designing my board on loch master



This Video show the Injector circuit working on the bread board. As i turn up the Frequency/ Rpm the LED's flash faster 

My Circuit design on loch master

This is a video showing the injector circuit working as we turn up the Frequency/ RPM the LED's will flash faster.This shows when you Rev higher the injectors will open faster and at idle the LED's will blink slower

Here Is my Circuit Finished 

My Soldering Skills , Nice and shinny 

TTEC4824–AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS

EXPERIMENT No. 1

Identifying, Testing and Troubleshooting Semiconductor Components

 Identifying, Testing and Combining Resistors

Fig 1:

                                                Fig 2

 Obtain 6 resistors of different values.  You are then going to determine their value two ways: 

·         Use the colour code to calculate the value of the resistor.

·         Include the maximum and minimum tolerance value of each resistor

·         Then measure the resistor value with a multimeter.

Record the values in the chart below:

Value (colour codes )	Value (multimeter)
270-13.5	266
100 + - 5x	98
10k + - 3000	93.5k
470 + - 4.7	470
5600 + - 180	5.53k

We chose different type of resisitors, then using the resistor colour band  and using the chart above we  found out the resistance of the resistors in Ohm's(Ω), and checking the resistors tolerance, then using a multimeter to check that the calculations we did were correct . Then we took two resistors and wired them into series to meausure the total resistance of the resistors in series, then we wired them up into parallel to and measure the resistance and the total resistance should be lower than the lowest resistance because more consumers are added into a parallel cicuit and the resistance goes down and the current goes up, but in the series circuit they only have one path to follow because they go through all the resistors creating higher resistance making less current flow.

Choose two resistors and record their individual ohm resistance value measured with a multi-meter:

            Resistor 1 266 Ω       Resistor 2 098 Ω

Put these two resistors together in series (end to end, one right after another) calculate and then measure their combined value. Show workings:

Calculated value 1 and 2 in series: 364 Ω

Measured value 1 and 2 in series: 364 Ω

Put these two resistors together in parallel (connect both ends when they are side-by-side). Calculate and then measure their combined value. Show workings:

Calculated value 1 and 2 in parallel: 61 Ω

Measured value 1 and 2 in parallel: 72 Ω

           

What principles of electricity have you demonstrated with this? Explain:

That the resistor slows down the current flowing through and the different types of resistors limit the current depending on the resistance of the resistor.

EXPERIMENT No. 2

DIODES

Fig 3 - Diode Symbol & Physical component



Fig 4 – Diode symbol and P.N. junction

A diode has the characteristics of:

·         An insulator when current tries to flow in one direction.

·         A conductor when current flows in the other direction.

Components: 1 x diode, 1 x LED

Exercise: Using a multimeter, identify the anode and cathode of the diode and the LED.

	Voltage drop in forward Biased Direction.	Voltage drop in reverse biased direction
LED	20.9	6.1
Diode	76	26

Explain how you could identify the cathode without a multimeter

On the led the longer leg will be the postive which is Anode , if the legs have been cut there is a flat side which will indicate that it is the cathode side.
On the diode the cathode side will be after the silver band.

Table 1: Data sheet of 1N4007 is as follows

Absolute Maximum Ratings, TA = 25OC
Symbol	Parameter	Value	Units
IO	Average rectified current @ TA = 75oC	1.0	A
PD	Total device dissipation Derate above 25oC	2.5 20	W mW/OC
	Thermal resistance, Junction to Ambient	50	OC/W
	Storage Temperature Range	-55 to + 175	OC
	Operating Temperature Range	-55 to + 150	OC
VRRM  (PIV)	Peak repetitive reverse voltage	1000	V

Components: 1 x resistor, 1 x diode. 1 x LED

Exercise: For Vs=5V, R= 1KΩ, D= 1N4007 build the following circuit on a breadboard.

Fig 5

Calculate first the value of current flowing through the diode, now measure and check your answer?

Show your working

Calculated                                                                          Measured

52x10000x1                                                                       0.005
520.0005                                               

Is the reading as you expected; explain why or why not?

Yes, accordings to ohms law the didode should be the same

Calculate the voltage drop across the diode, now measure and check your answer?

Calculated                                                                          Measured

N/A                                                                                    0.068

Using the data sheet given in Table 1 above,

What is the maximum value of the current that can flow through the given diode?

The maximum current that can flow is 1 Amp , aslo the current slightly changes because of different voltage drops

For R = 1KΩ.  What is the maximum value of Vs so that the diode operates in a safe region?

The value of the voltage is 1000v

Replace the diode by an LED & calculate the current, then measure and check your answer?

Calculated                                                                          Measured

0.005Amps                                                                         0.005Amps

What do you observe? Explain briefly.

The current is slightly different because of  voltage drops

EXPERIMENT No. 3

Components: 2 x resistors, 1 x 5V1 400mW Zener diode (Z_D).

Exercise: Obtain a breadboard, suitable components from your tutor and build the following circuit.

Fig 6

For R= 100Ω and RL= 100Ω, Vs= 12 V.

What is the value of Vz?

4.78 

Vary Vs from 10V to 15 V

What is the value of Vz

10v=4.75v           15v=5.14 

Explain what is happening here

The voltage flowing through the diode increase when the supply voltage is increased

What could this circuit be used for?

To regulate the voltage in a circut.

Reverse the polarity of the zener diode.

What is the value of Vz? Make a short comment why you had that reading.

The reading at Vz when it was reversed was 0.8volts . This is because it has more resistance.

.

EXPERIMENT No. 4

Components: 1 x resistors, 1 x 5V1 400mW Zener diode, 1X Diode1N4007 .

Exercise: Obtain a breadboard, suitable components from your tutor and build the following circuit.

                Vs=10 & 15v, R=1K ohms

                                                                                    Fig 7

                                    10 Volts                                                           15 Volts

Volt drop V₁:               0.002 v                                                               0.003v

Volt drop V₂:               0.003v                                                                0.004

Volt drop V₃:               0v                                                                       0.003v

Volt drop V₄:              0v                                                                           0v

Calculated current A:  0.001 Amps                                                      0.015Amps
Describe what is happening and why you are getting these readings:

When the voltage increases all of the components use the required amount of voltage to power them up which leaves the rest of the voltage to be consumed by the resistor

EXPERIMENT No. 5

   

The Capacitor

The capacitor stores electric charge.

A capacitor consists of two metal plates very close together, separated by an insulator. When connected to a battery or power source electrons flow into the negative plates and charge up the capacitor. The charge remains there when the battery is removed. The charge stored depends on the “size” or capacitance of the capacitor, which is measured on Farads (F).

Types of capacitor:

Non-electrolytic capacitor
	·             Fairly small capacitance - normally about10pF to 1mF ·             No polarity requirements - they can be inserted either way into a circuit. ·             Can take a fairly high voltage.
Variable capacitor
	·             Adjustable capacitor by turning a knob - similar to variable resistors. ·             The maximum capacitance available is about 200pF. ·             Used in radios.
Electrolytic capacitor
	·              Large capacitances - 1mF to 50000mF ·              Warning: These must be corrected the right way round (polarity) or they can explode - the white terminal on the diagram above signifies positive. ·              Black stripe with “-“ shows which terminal is the negative (usually the short one) ·              Low voltage rating – from 25 ~ 100V DC ·              They have a significant leakage current - this means that they will lose the charge stored over time.
Tantalum capacitor
	·             These have the same properties as the Electrolytic capacitor, but they are physically smaller & have lower leakage. As a result, though, they are more expensive.

Identifying Capacitor “Size”

If the Farad “size” is not printed on the capacitor, you may find an EIA code listed. Use the table below to figure out the capacitance

μF	nF	pF	EIA Code
0.00001*	0.01	10	100
0.0001*	0.1	100	101
0.001	1.0 (1n0)	1,000	102
0.01	10	10,000*	103
0.1	100	100,000*	104
1.0	1000*	1,000,00*	105
10.0	10,000*	10,000,00*	106

x 0.000001 F x 5 = 5 seconds to charge to applied voltage. This can
x 1 μF x 5 = 5 seconds. UNITEC Applied Technology Institute - 14 - 02/02/2010 4824 lab workbook First, calculate how much time it would take to charge up the capacitor. Then, connect Label the axis of each graph:

                                            Capacitance: 100μF   Resistance: 1kΩ

Capacitance:100μF Resistance:0.1kΩ

Capacitance:100μF Resistance: 0.47kΩ

Capacitance:330μF Resistance: 1kΩ

How does changes in the resistor affect the charging time?

The lower the resistance the faster it will take to charge the capacitor , the lower the resistance the more current will get through and the quicker the time charge .

How does changes in the capacitor affect the charging time ?

The higher the capacitance of the capacitor the more charge it will hold , and the more time it will take

Meter Check of a TransistorDiode test (V) meter readings

Transistor number        VBE         VEB      VBC    VCB          VCE       VEC

PNP                       0L       0.725    OL       0.720    OL       OL
NPN                       0.688    OL    OL       0.686    OL       OL

There are two different types transistors , the NPN and the PNP. A transistor has 3 Legs one is called the base , the other is the collector and emittor.

The higher voltage leg will be the emitter the one will the lowest reading will be the collector and the base will have a reading of something in the middle

©

Fig 8-Capacitor Charging Circuit

Components: 1 x resistor, 1 x capacitor. 1 x pushbutton N/O switch.

Reference:

Unitec moodle/ Workbooks
Previous Blog

Exercise

the circuit as shown above. Measure the time taken by the capacitor to reach the applied voltage

on an oscilloscope. Fill in the chart below. Also draw the observed waveforms in the graphs below,

filling the details on each one.

Note: you will need to adjust the time base to enable you to observe the pattern.

circuit            capacitance      resistance              calculated                observed

number             (uF)               (k ohms)               time(ms)                  time (ms)

     1                 100                     1                        500                          500

     2                 100                    0.1                      50                            45

     3                 100                   0.47                     253                          25   
     4                 330                     1                       1650                        1650